Reducing centrifugal pump bearing wear through dynamic magnetic coupling

ABSTRACT

A pump drive for an extracorporeal blood pumping system including an adjustable drive magnet. The pump drive may be coupled to a blood pump which includes a pump impeller. The pump drive may include a stepper motor for dynamically adjusting the position of the drive magnet. The position of the drive magnet may be varied to vary the distance between the drive magnet and an impeller magnet of the pump impeller. Adjusting the position of the drive magnet may include dynamically adjusting the drive magnet and may include axially moving the drive magnet to thereby vary a magnetic attraction force between the drive magnet and the impeller magnet which may thereby minimize forces acting on one or more bearings of a pump impeller.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/337,306, filed Oct. 28, 2016, which is a Division of U.S. applicationSer. No. 13/544,596, filed Jul. 9, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,511,178;the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Extracorporeal blood pumps are used to assist patient blood circulationin a variety of surgical procedures including both short and relativelylonger-term procedures including cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) or Extracorporeal LifeSupport (ECLS). One type of blood pump commonly used is a magneticallydriven centrifugal blood pump which includes an external drive motorthat drives the blood pump via magnetic coupling between a drive motormagnet and a blood pump impeller magnet. Magnetic coupling in thismanner allows for the centrifugal blood pump to be housed in a separateand disposable sealed unit and discarded after a single use while thepump drive may be reusable.

Magnetically driven centrifugal blood pumps may include one or morebearings. In some magnetically driven centrifugal blood pumps, a pumpimpeller is captured between an upper and a lower bearing and as theimpeller spins or turns, the pressure distribution of the pumped fluid(e.g. blood) generates an upward or impeller lift force which acts onthe upper bearing. Conversely, the magnetic attraction between theimpeller magnet and the drive magnet results in a downward force whichacts on the lower bearing. The net force on the bearings is thesummation of these two forces. Over time, the forces acting on thebearings may result in a finite bearing life. Therefore, it would beadvantageous to minimize forces acting on the bearings so as to extendbearing life. Extending the life of the blood pump bearings mayadvantageously allow for use of the blood pump in extended or longerterm procedures or applications.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the present disclosure provide devices, systems and methodsfor dynamically adjusting a drive magnet of a pump drive used in anextracorporeal blood pumping system. Apparatus and methods according tothe disclosure include an extracorporeal blood pumping system comprisinga centrifugal blood pump with a pump impeller wherein the pump impellercomprises an impeller magnet. The system further comprising a pump driveincluding a drive motor coupled to a drive magnet. The blood pump andpump drive may be coupled together magnetically and may be mechanicallycoupled together to provide a blood pump-pump drive assembly. The drivemagnet position may be adjusted such that the distance between the drivemagnet and impeller magnet is varied. Adjustment of the drive magnet maycomprise axial displacement of the drive magnet.

Apparatus and methods according to the disclosure also include a bloodpump magnetically coupled to a pump drive where the blood pump includesan impeller magnet embedded within a pump impeller and the pump driveincludes a drive motor coupled to a drive magnet. The pump impeller maybe positioned within a blood pump housing between upper and lowerbearings. Actuation of the pump impeller may generate a lift force whichmay cause the pump impeller to act on the upper bearing. A magneticattraction force between the impeller magnet and the drive magnet maycause the pump impeller to act on the lower bearing. A stepper motor maybe configured to axially displace the drive magnet such that themagnetic attraction force is approximately equal and opposite the liftforce. Further, when the magnetic attraction force and lift force areapproximately equal and opposite, axial forces acting on the bearingsmay be minimized.

Aspects according to the disclosure further provide a method ofminimizing wear on at least one bearing of a centrifugal blood pumpwhich may include varying the position of a drive magnet of a pump drivecoupled to the blood pump such that a magnetic attraction force betweenan impeller magnet of the blood pump and the drive magnet isapproximately equal and opposite a pump impeller lift force. The methodmay comprise varying the position of a drive magnet, varying a relativedistance between a drive magnet and an impeller magnet, axially movingor adjusting a drive motor, actuating a stepper motor, and or actuatinga drive motor housing and/or drive motor carrier. The method may alsocomprise communicating a drive motor speed to a system controller andmay comprise correlating the drive motor speed to a stepper motorposition.

Methods according the disclosure may include a method of adjusting aposition of a drive magnet of a pump drive comprising actuating astepper motor coupled to the drive magnet. Actuating the stepper motormay thereby cause a drive motor housing to spin or turn causing athreadably coupled drive motor carrier to move axially. Where the drivemagnet is coupled to the drive motor carrier, axial movement of drivemotor carrier may cause the drive magnet to move or adjust axially.Actuation of the stepper motor may comprise transmitting a drive motorspeed to a system controller, determining a stepper motor positioncorresponding to the drive motor speed and actuating the stepper motor.Determining the stepper motor position may comprise referencing a lookuptable.

Methods according to the disclosure may include a method of varying adistance between a blood pump drive magnet and a blood pump impellermagnet including transmitting a drive motor speed from a drive motor toa system controller, determining a drive magnet position based upon thedrive motor speed and actuating a stepper motor to displace the drivemotor axially which thereby displaces a drive magnet. Determining thedrive magnet position may comprise referencing a software lookup tableor tables. The software lookup table may provide a stepper motorposition, corresponding to the drive motor speed transmitted to thesystem controller which may in turn communicate the desired steppermotor position to a stepper controller. Actuating the stepper motor mayfurther include sending a stepper motor signal to the stepper motor viawireless telemetry or a wired connection. Upon receiving the steppermotor signal indicating stepper position, the stepper motor may turn orspin to the position communicated via the signal. According to somemethods, turning the stepper motor may likewise turn the stepper motordrive shaft which accordingly turns drive motor housing. Turning drivemotor housing may allow drive motor carrier to move axially allowing thedrive magnet to move axially where the drive magnet is coupled to thedrive motor by way of a drive motor shaft.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A depicts a blood pump useful with the disclosure.

FIG. 1B depicts a pump drive in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 depicts a blood pump-pump drive assembly in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 3 depicts a cross-sectional view of the blood pump-pump driveassembly of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 depicts a partial view of the cross-section of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5A depicts the blood pump-pump drive assembly of FIG. 3 with adrive magnet in a position in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5B depicts the blood pump-pump drive assembly of FIG. 3 with adrive magnet in a position in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6 depicts a diagrammatic view of a system in accordance with anembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1A and 2 depict a blood pump 200 of the centrifugal type used topump blood of a patient, for example to an oxygenator (not shown) duringa surgical procedure such as described herein above. Blood pump 200includes a blood pump interface 250 including flange members 252 forcoupling to an external pump drive 300 (e.g. FIGS. 1B, 2). Pump drive300 likewise includes a pump drive interface 350 including bracketmembers 354 for capturing flange members 252 to couple blood pump 200 topump drive 300 and a raised portion 356 which defines an inner recess352 (FIG. 4). It is to be understood that pump drive interfaces 250, 350may comprise various alternative mechanisms for coupling pump drive 200to blood pump 300 including fittings, brackets, notches, quick connects,clasps, and/or latches. Regardless of the specific coupling mechanism,blood pump 200 and pump drive 300 may be coupled together at theinterfaces 250, 350 to define a blood pump-pump drive assembly 100 suchas depicted in FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 depicts the blood pump-pump drive assembly 100 of FIG. 2 in crosssection. Blood pump 200 comprises a blood pump housing 230, with a bloodinlet 232 and a blood outlet 234 extending from the housing 230. A pumpimpeller assembly 210 is contained within the pump housing 230 andcomprises a pump impeller 240 configured or adapted to rotate within thehousing 230 to move fluid by a centrifugal force generated by therotation. A pump impeller magnet 220 is provided in the pump impellerassembly 210 and may be embedded in pump impeller 240 as shown. The pumpimpeller 240 may comprise one or more bearings and, for example, may belocated or captured between an upper pivot bearing 242 and a lower pivotbearing 244. As depicted in the embodiment of FIG. 3, the upper pivotbearing 242 may abut an inner upper bearing surface 236 of blood pumphousing 230 and the lower pivot bearing 244 may abut an inner lowerbearing surface 246 of blood pump housing 230. Blood pump 200 maycomprise any magnetically coupleable centrifugal blood pump and may forexample comprise an AFFINITY™ CP centrifugal blood pump manufactured byMedtronic, Inc. of Minneapolis, Minn.

As depicted in FIG. 3, the blood pump-pump drive assembly 100 includespump drive 300 comprising a pump drive housing 330. A blood pump drivemotor 310 and a thrust force, or pump drive magnet 320, are containedwithin the pump drive housing 330. The drive magnet 320 may comprise oneor more magnets. The drive motor 310 communicates with a controlassembly (e.g. 400 FIG. 6) which is configured to actuate the drivemotor 310. Actuation of the drive motor 310 actuates the drive magnet320 via a drive shaft 312. Actuation of the drive magnet 320 causes thedrive magnet 320 to spin at the speed (RPM) of the drive motor 310 andthus may comprise direct drive mechanism. Alternatively, systemscomprising gearing or transmission (not shown) may be used to drive thedrive magnet 320. Regardless, when the drive magnet 320 is located insufficient proximity to the pump impeller magnet 220, such as when theblood pump 200 is coupled to the pump drive 300, (i.e. as in assembly100), actuation of the drive magnet 320 generates a torque in theimpeller magnet 220 through magnetic coupling which in turn causes pumpimpeller 240 to spin at the rate of speed (RPM) of the drive magnet 320.Containment of the blood pump 200 in a housing 230 separate from boththe drive motor 310 and the pump drive housing 330, enables the bloodpump 200 to be discarded after a single use (e.g. after having beencontaminated with patient blood during a surgical procedure) while thepump drive 300 may be reusable.

With continued reference to FIG. 3 pump drive 300 includes a drive motorcarrier 360 attached to drive motor 310. Drive motor carrier 360 isconfigured to travel or adjust axially upon rotation of a drive motorhousing 370 as explained in further detail below. Attachment of thedrive motor 310 to the drive motor carrier 360 may be accomplished viasocket head cap screws 365 as shown or via any fastening or attachingdevice or means including, but not limited to adhesives, clips, screws,bolts, pins, rivets, and/or rods. Drive motor carrier 360 may comprise acylinder shape with an open distal or bottom end 364 through which drivemotor 310 is allowed to extend, as illustrated in FIG. 3. The drivemotor carrier 360 further comprises a wall 366 which may extend to anylength L along the drive motor 310. For example, wall 366 may extend toany length which allows for sufficient travel of the drive motor 310 anddrive magnet 320 such as described in further detail with reference toFIG. 5. As further examples, the wall 366 may extend to any length abovea bottom or distal end 314 of drive motor 310 such as illustrated, tothe end 314 or past the end 314. In any case, drive motor carrier 360includes an outer surface threaded interface 362 for coupling with aninner surface threaded interface 372 of drive motor housing 370. Drivemotor carrier 360 may partially, substantially or completely surround aportion of the drive motor 310 and may partially or substantiallyconform to the shape of the drive motor 310 or may comprise otherconfigurations provided that the drive motor 310 is coupled to the drivemotor carrier 360.

Drive motor housing 370 defines a chamber 371 for receiving the drivemotor 310 attached to drive motor carrier 360 and includes an openproximal end 382 configured to allow travel of the drive motor carrier360, and thus drive motor 310, therethrough. When the drive motor 310coupled to drive motor carrier 360 is received within chamber 371, thedrive motor housing 370 surrounds at least a portion of the drive motorcarrier 360 and is coupled to the drive motor carrier 360 via engagementof inner surface threaded interface 372 of housing 370 with outersurface threaded interface 362 of the drive motor carrier 360. An outersurface 374 of drive motor housing 370 may abut one or bearings 378which may comprise any type of bearing, for example the ball bearing asdepicted in FIG. 3. As shown in the example of FIG. 3, an outer surface374 of drive motor housing 370 abuts two bearings 378, one at each of adistal end 380 and a proximal end 382 of housing 370.

In operation, the drive motor housing 370 is configured to turn or spinupon actuation of a stepper motor 340. Stepper motor 340 may be coupledto drive motor housing 370 via a shaft 342. The turning or spinning ofdrive motor housing 370 causes drive motor carrier 360 to travel axiallydue to coupling of the drive motor carrier 360 to the drive motorhousing 370 at threaded interfaces 362, 372.

With reference between FIG. 3 and FIGS. 5A-5B, FIG. 5A depicts drivemotor carrier 360 with drive motor 310 at a first drive motor heightH_(D1) where H_(D1) is measured from a distal end inner surface 381 ofdrive motor housing 370 to a distal end 314 (FIG. 3) of drive motor 310.Actuation of stepper motor 340, described in further detail withreference to FIG. 6, below, causes stepper motor drive shaft 342 torotate thereby turning drive motor housing 370 either clockwise orcounterclockwise, depending upon the desired axial positioning of drivemagnet 320. When drive motor housing 370 turns at the threaded interfacedefined by inner surface threaded interface 372 and outer surfacethreaded interface 362, drive motor carrier 360 may travel axiallyrelative to the distal end 380 of drive motor housing 370. Drive motorcarrier 360 is configured to travel axially either in a proximaldirection or a distal direction (i.e. up or down relative to a bottom ordistal end 380 of drive motor housing 370) depending upon clockwise orcounterclockwise rotation of drive motor housing 370. Since drive motorcarrier 360 is coupled to drive motor 310 and drive magnet 320 iscoupled to drive motor 310, axial movement of drive motor carrier 360axially displaces drive magnet 320. For example, drive magnet 320 maycomprise a first drive magnet position (e.g. P₁, FIG. 5A), or a seconddrive magnet position (e.g. P₂, FIG. 5B). Drive magnet 320 in a firstdrive magnet position P₁ may correspond to the drive motor 310 at afirst drive motor height H_(D1) and may correspond to a distance D_(M1)between drive magnet 320 and impeller magnet 320. Likewise, drive magnetposition P₂ may correspond to the drive motor 310 at a second drivemotor height H_(D2) and a distance D_(M2) between drive magnet 320 andimpeller magnet 220. Thus, when drive magnet 320 travels proximally orin an upward direction relative to a distal end 380 of drive motorhousing 370, the drive magnet 320 moves into closer proximity to theimpeller magnet 220 of the coupled centrifugal blood pump 200 and adistance D_(M) (FIG. 4) between the impeller magnet 220 and the drivemagnet 320 decreases. By the same token, when drive magnet 320 travelsor moves distally or in a downward direction (i.e. toward distal end 380of drive motor housing 370), the drive magnet 320 moves away from theimpeller magnet 220 of the coupled blood pump 200 such that the distanceD_(M) increases. A recess portion 352 (FIGS. 3-5) of pump drive 300 isconfigured to allow drive magnet 220 to be received therein such as uponupward or proximal axial displacement of the drive magnet 320 toward theimpeller magnet 220.

FIGS. 5A and 5B depict two different positions, P₁ and P₂ of drivemagnet 320. Nevertheless, drive magnet 320 may be positioned at variousincremental axial positions, not specifically illustrated. Axialdisplacement or travel of the drive magnet 320 may be limited or boundat a proximal or upper end by recess portion 352 of pump drive housing330 such that when a portion of drive magnet 320 is adjacent (e.g.contacts or substantially contacts) an inner surface 353 of recessportion 352, no further upward or proximal travel is allowed.Conversely, distal or downward travel of drive magnet 320 may be limitedor bound by drive motor housing distal end 380 such that when a portionof drive motor 310 (or a portion of drive motor carrier 360, if drivemotor carrier 360 extends beyond drive motor distal end 314) reaches oris adjacent (e.g. contacts or substantially contacts) drive motorhousing distal end 380, no further distal or downward travel of thedrive motor carrier 360 or drive motor 310 may be permitted.

With the above description in mind, FIG. 4 depicts forces which may acton pump impeller 240. A net impeller lift force F_(L), illustrated byupward or proximally directed arrows may be generated as the pumpimpeller 240 spins. Impeller lift force F_(L) is a net pressuredistribution force and may vary with pump impeller speed, and fluid(e.g. blood) properties. Rotation (RPM) of the pump impeller 240 maycause a pressure differential which generates a Bernouli effect in arotational motion thereby causing the pump impeller 240 to lift. Alsodepicted in FIG. 4 is a net magnetic attraction force, F_(M),illustrated by downward or distally directed arrows which may begenerated between the drive magnet 320 and the impeller magnet 220 whenthe drive magnet 320 and impeller magnet 220 are in sufficient proximityor located a sufficient distance D_(M) apart. Adjusting the positionP_(M) of the drive magnet 320 relative to the impeller magnet 220 mayvary the magnetic attraction force F_(M). As described above, impellerlift force F_(L) may act on pump impeller 240 such that upper pivotbearing 242 bears against upper bearing surface 236 and may therebycause upper pivot bearing 242 to undergo wear. Likewise, the magneticattraction force F_(M) may act on the pump impeller 240 such that lowerpivot bearing 244 bears against lower bearing surface 246 and maythereby cause lower pivot bearing 246 to undergo wear.

In general, the pivot bearings 242, 244 are unidirectional such that ifone is loaded, the other is not. Imbalance in forces between the twopivot bearings 244, 246 may generate heat and/or mechanical wear on thepivot bearing experiencing the higher force (e.g. F_(M) or F_(L)).Often, as the pump impeller 240 spins, the lift force F_(L) generatedexceeds the magnetic attraction force F_(M) such that upper pivotbearing 244 experiences more wear. This may be especially true at higherpump or impeller speeds as will be further elucidated in the ensuingdiscussion. Regardless, a total net force acting on the pivot bearings244, 246 is the summation of F_(M) and F_(L). Therefore, varying themagnetic attraction force F_(M) by varying the proximity of the drivemagnet 320 to the impeller magnet 220 (i.e. varying drive magnetposition P_(M)), such that the magnetic attraction force F_(M) isapproximately equal and opposite the lift force F_(L), may minimizeaxial forces acting on each of the upper and lower pivot bearings 244,246. As described above, varying the relative distance D_(M) between thedrive magnet 320 and impeller magnet 220 may comprise in part actuationof a stepper motor 340. Control of the stepper motor 340 is describedbelow with reference to FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a system 500 including a controlassembly 400 for controlling a pump drive 300 coupled to blood pump 200.The control assembly 400 may include an external power source 405, aspeed control 450, and a graphic user interface 460. Pump drive 300 maycommunicate with the control assembly 400 via a control signal 410.Control signal 410 may comprise telemetry or may comprise electricalwiring. In addition, control assembly 400 may be provided within pumpdrive housing 330 or may be external to pump drive housing 330 such asdepicted in FIG. 6. Regardless, control signal 410 may comprise severalsignals for communicating between the drive motor 310, stepper motor 340and the control assembly 400. Control signal 410 may comprise a drivemotor power/speed signal 420, a drive motor speed feedback signal 430and/or a stepper motor signal 440. Signals 420 and 430 may communicatebetween a speed control and power amplifier 425, a system controller 470and the drive motor 310. Signal 440 may communicate between a steppermotor controller and power amplifier 490 and the stepper motor 340.

With reference between FIGS. 5A, 5B and 6, in operation, generallysystem controller 470 is configured to reference a lookup table ortables 480 comprising one or more drive motor speed values each speedvalue corresponding to one of a plurality of stepper motor positionvalues. The software lookup table or tables 480 may be generated by wayof characterization studies evaluating lift force F_(L) and magneticforce F_(M) as a function of drive motor speed S (FIG. 4). Thus, thestepper motor position values may relate to a drive motor height (e.g.H_(D1), H_(D2)) and/or drive magnet position (P_(M)) which would tend tobalance forces F_(L) and F_(M) at each drive motor speed S during thecourse of a procedure or during use. In this manner, system 500 isconfigured to dynamically adjust the drive magnet 320 such that theproximity of the drive magnet 320 and the impeller magnet 220 is variedsuch that the magnetic force F_(M) is approximately equal and oppositethe impeller lift force F_(L) during a use of the system, for exampleduring a surgical procedure. More specifically, pre-programmed orpre-set software lookup tables 480 may comprise any of severalincremental drive motor speed values (e.g. S₁, S₂, FIG. 5A-B)corresponding to a pre-determined (e.g. by way of a characterizationstudy as explained above) stepper motor position, where each steppermotor position corresponds to a predetermined drive magnet positionP_(M), drive motor height HD, or distance D_(M), which in turn dependsupon the desired proximity of the drive magnet 320 to the impellermagnet 220. In other words, lookup tables 480 may be configured tocorrelate any incremental drive motor speed S to a particular steppermotor position to thereby provide a particular drive magnet positionP_(M). As described above, a desired distance D_(M) of the drive magnet320 and impeller magnet 220 may be that distance between drive magnet320 and impeller magnet 220 which results in forces F_(M) and F_(L)being approximately balanced or equal.

By way of further illustration and as an example, FIG. 5A depicts adrive motor 310 at a point in time during operation of pump drive 300 inwhich the drive motor speed S₁ is lower (e.g. with respect to the drivemotor speed S₂ of drive motor 310 depicted in FIG. 5B). In general,lower drive motor speeds may generate lower lift forces F_(L) andtherefore an increased tendency in lower pivot bearing 244 to experiencebearing wear since the magnetic force F_(M) may be allowed to overcomethe lower lift force F_(L) tending to cause lower pivot bearing 244 tobear against bearing surface 246. Thus, to balance forces F_(M) andF_(L), drive magnet 320 may be positioned at a greater distance (e.g.D_(M1), FIG. 5A) from impeller magnet 220 (as compared to D_(M2) of FIG.5B) such that the magnetic force F_(M) is decreased thereby allowinglift force F_(L) to have a tendency to pull or draw lower pivot bearing244 upward and away from lower bearing surface 246 (i.e. approximatelybalancing the lift force F_(L) and the magnetic force F_(M)).Conversely, higher drive motor speeds in general may generate higherlift forces F_(L) and therefore an increased tendency in upper pivotbearing 242 to experience bearing wear since, in this case, lift forceF_(L) may exceed magnetic force F_(M) whereby upper pivot bearing 242may have a tendency to bear against bearing surface 246. In order tocounterbalance a higher lift force F_(L), drive magnet 320 may bepositioned in closer proximity to, or, at a lesser distance fromimpeller magnet 220 as compared to distance D_(M1) of FIG. 5A, forexample drive magnet 320 may be positioned at a distance D_(M2), asdepicted in FIG. 5B. As discussed herein above, when drive magnet 320 isbrought into closer proximity to impeller magnet 220, the magnetic forceF_(M) increases, thereby counteracting the increased or higher liftforce F_(L) whereby upper pivot bearing 242 may be drawn downward andaway from upper bearing surface 236. In this manner, bearing wear oneach of the upper pivot bearing 242 and lower pivot bearing 244 may beminimized.

Although the present disclosure has been described with reference topreferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize thatchanges can be made in form and detail without departing from the spiritand scope of the present disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A blood pump comprising: a pump impellerpositioned within a pump impeller housing and comprising a pump impellermagnet; an upper bearing and a lower bearing positioned within the pumpimpeller housing, wherein the pump impeller is positioned between theupper bearing and the lower bearing; a drive motor movably positionedwithin a pump drive housing and coupled to a pump drive magnet, whereinthe pump impeller housing is coupled to the pump drive housing, whereinvarying the position of the drive motor relative to the pump drivehousing varies the position of the pump drive magnet relative to thepump impeller magnet.
 2. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein the positionof the pump drive magnet relative to the pump impeller magnet can bevaried such that a magnetic attraction force between the pump impellermagnet and the pump drive magnet is approximately equal and opposite animpeller lift force caused by an actuation of the pump impeller.
 3. Theblood pump of claim 1, wherein when the magnetic attraction force andthe impeller lift force are approximately equal and opposite, an axialforce on each of the upper bearing and the lower bearing is minimized.4. The blood pump of claim 1, wherein moving the drive motor relative tothe pump drive housing comprises actuating a stepper motor coupled tothe drive motor.
 5. The blood pump of claim 4, wherein the stepper motorand the drive motor share a common rotation central axis.
 6. The bloodpump of claim 4, wherein the stepper motor and the pump drive magnet arecompletely contained within the pump drive housing.
 7. The blood pump ofclaim 4, wherein actuating the stepper motor comprises controlling thestepper motor via a system controller.
 8. The blood pump of claim 7,wherein controlling the stepper motor via the system controllercomprises: transmitting a drive motor speed to the system controller;determining a stepper motor position based upon the drive motor speed;and actuating the stepper motor to move the drive motor relative to thepump drive housing.
 9. The blood pump of claim 4, wherein actuating thestepper motor comprises actuating the stepper motor via telemetry. 10.The blood pump of claim 4, wherein the pump drive housing defines achamber within which the drive motor is received, wherein the steppermotor is threadably coupled to the drive motor and is configured toaxially displace the drive motor relative to the pump drive housing. 11.The blood pump of claim 1, further comprising a drive motor housingcoupled to the drive motor and rotatably positioned with the pump drivehousing, wherein rotating the drive motor housing relative to the pumpdrive housing axially displaces the drive motor relative to the pumpdrive housing.
 12. The blood pump of claim 11, further comprising astepper motor coupled to the drive motor housing, wherein actuating thestepper motor rotates the drive motor housing relative to the pump drivehousing.
 13. The blood pump of claim 12, further comprising a drivemotor carrier coupled to the drive motor and threadably coupled to thedrive motor housing, wherein rotating the drive motor housing relativeto the pump drive housing axially displaces the drive motor carrierrelative to the pump drive housing.
 14. The blood pump of claim 1,wherein the pump drive magnet is axially movable relative to the pumpimpeller magnet and the pump impeller magnet is axially fixed relativeto the pump drive housing.